TL;DR CapEx (Capital Expenditure) = the one-time cost to buy/build the system (hardware, facility upgrades, integration, commissioning, contingency). OpEx (Operating Expenditure) = the ongoing yearly cost to run/maintain it (service contract ~8–12% of CapEx + consumables, utilities, staffing). Terawatt (TW)…
Introduction You’ve spent months on the design. The prototypes are built, and the moment of truth arrives. You power on the laser system, only to be met with unstable output, thermal drift, or worse, a catastrophic failure. The project timeline…
Exploring the latest innovations in high-power laser architecture and their applications in scientific research. The quest for higher laser intensities has driven remarkable advancements in Terawatt (TW) and Petawatt (PW) laser systems. These systems are crucial for fundamental research in…
